SMSF loans: What are the SMSF borrowing rules?

Once an SMSF trustee has identified a single acquirable asset they wish to purchase, they can, trust deed permitting, choose to take out a loan to cover the purchase price and associated purchase expenses. 

This loan can be from a commercial lender or any other party willing to provide the required funds.

It is worth noting that some banks and mortgage providers have loans specifically tailored for SMSFs, or, in some circumstances, the SMSF can borrow from a related party or a non-bank lender if the arrangement is on an arm’s-length basis, which we will discuss shortly.

Expenses incurred in connection with borrowing and acquiring the asset, such as loan establishment fees, advice costs and stamp duty, can also be paid for from money borrowed via the LRBA.

A holding (bare) trust must be set up to hold the asset and the SMSF trustees must make sure the asset is transferred directly to the trust from the vendor. If, even temporarily, an SMSF trustee obtains title to the asset, they will contravene the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993.

The trustee of this holding trust must not be the same as the SMSF trustee.

Some lenders require insurance to be taken out over the asset being purchased via a loan, and the SMSF needs to make sure it has sufficient funds to pay these insurance premiums.

Single acquirable asset

A lot hinges on the definitions of an ‘asset’ and a ‘single acquirable asset’. The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) has issued a ruling (SMSFR 2012/1) that further clarifies this definition and other relevant terms around the borrowing rules and restrictions.

That ruling states:

This ‘single acquirable asset’ definition means that a separate LRBA is required for each individual property title.

For example, if you want to acquire two separate properties in your SMSF and use borrowed funds to do so, you would need to establish two separate LRBAs; one for each property. 

It is worth noting that there are some exceptions to this requirement, and these are covered in detail within the ATO ruling SMSFR 2012/1, which also provides definitions and guidance around common questions and misconceptions. 

For example, SMSF ABC wants to acquire two adjacent blocks of land, with two separate titles, which the owner will only sell as a parcel. However, there is no impediment to the two blocks of land being sold separately at some point in the future. In this case, the two blocks of land are not a single acquirable asset and would need to be acquired under two separate LRBAs, with each title of property being held in its own separate holding trust. 

However, if there is an entity that unifies separate titles of land, then that can sometimes make adjoining land, and what is on it, a single acquirable asset.

For example, if there was a factory constructed across three titles, that factory adds considerable value to the land and is a relevant ‘unifying physical object’, which makes the factory and the land across those three titles a single acquirable asset that could be acquired under a single LRBA. It would be almost impossible to deal or sell one of these three titles separately, due to the structure that straddles all three titles.

The principle of a ‘unifying physical object’ is particularly important when it comes to farms. Even if unifying agricultural activities are being carried out across several land titles, unless there is a unifying physical object – such as a piggery across the titles – each land title needs a separate LRBA.

Repair or maintenance versus improvement

SMSFR 2012/1 also provides guidance around what the ATO considers repair or maintenance versus what it considers improvement.

The difference for the SMSF is that it can use monies borrowed under an LRBA for repairs or maintenance of an asset, but borrowed monies cannot be used to fund any improvements to an asset.

However, other cash held in the SMSF, such as accumulated funds held by the SMSF or from contributions received, can be used to fund any improvement, provided it does not result in the asset becoming a different asset. The function or use of the asset cannot change after the improvements are made.

There have been many questions to the ATO over the years about the difference between repair and maintenance and improvements, which prompted SMSFR 2012/1. The ruling defines maintain and repair as follows:

An improvement is defined as follows:

The ATO uses the example of a cyclone, which damages the roof of a house in an LRBA structure. The ATO says that replacement of the entire roof with the modern equivalent is a repair as it is restoring the asset to what it was. If ‘superior materials’ are used, it is a ‘question of degree’ as to whether the changes significantly improve the state or function of the asset as a whole.

However, if a second story is added to the house at the time of replacing the roof, that would be considered an improvement.

Even when making improvements, SMSF trustees must make sure they do not change the nature of an asset – for example, refitting a residential property to turn it into a commercial hairdressing salon.

If the character of an asset has fundamentally changed, the trustee of the SMSF will contravene subsection 67A of the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993, which allows limited recourse borrowing arrangements.

An LRBA from a related party

Although the rules were tightened in 2016, you can still borrow to purchase an asset via an LRBA from a related party as defined by the ATO:

Employers who contribute to your super and associates of employers who do so (business partners, companies, or trusts the employer controls, and companies and trusts that control the employer) may also be related parties in some very limited circumstances. This would occur where an agreement exists between the employer and the SMSF trustees. This would be a rare occurrence as contributions made to super are, in almost all cases, done through an agreement between the employer and the individual member of the fund, and not in their capacity as trustee.

The ATO issued a compliance guideline to help SMSFs understand arm’s-length terms for LRBAs – Practical Compliance Guidelines (PCG) 2016/5 – Income tax arm’s-length terms for limited recourse borrowing arrangements established by self-managed super funds.

If an LRBA is not set up and maintained on an arm’s-length basis, the SMSF may be required to pay non-arm’s-length income tax, or NALI, which means the income is taxed at 45% instead of 15%. It can also result in any realised capital gain being taxed at 45% as well.

What are the ‘safe harbour’ terms?

PCG 2016/5 also explains the ‘safe harbour’ terms on which SMSF trustees can structure their LRBAs on an arm’s-length basis. That is, if the SMSF trustees enter into and maintain a related party LRBA in line with the safe harbour terms set out by the ATO, then the SMSF will not be subject to NALI.

Those terms specify the interest rate the loan must be set at, which is the Reserve Bank of Australia Indicator Lending Rates for banks providing standard variable housing loans for investors, published for May, immediately prior to the start of the relevant financial year.

The safe harbour terms also dictate that the rate can be fixed or variable, the terms of the loan, the loan to market value ratio (a maximum 70% for both commercial and residential property), the security and nature (both principal and interest) and frequency of repayments.

Even if an LRBA does not meet all the safe harbour terms, it does not necessarily mean the arrangement is not on an arm’s-length basis, just that the trustees would have to prove to the ATO how it was an arm’s-length transaction.

Intermediary LRBA update

A new legislative instrument registered in May 2020 made it easier for SMSFs to acquire property via a limited recourse borrowing arrangement using a holding trust. This could be a slightly easier way for some SMSF trustees to add a real property asset to their fund.

An intermediary LRBA refers to an arrangement that involves the SMSF, a holding trust and a lender whereby the SMSF borrows funds for an asset indirectly through the holding trustee (a member of the SMSF). The trustee of the holding trust borrows the money from a lender, but the SMSF maintains the holding trust’s borrowing.

The legislation has been backdated to apply to intermediary LRBAs established from 24 September 2007 and any established in the future.

Other investments

You can also use an LRBA structure to purchase shares. However, those shares need to be considered a single acquirable asset.

A collection of shares in a single company that are identical have the same market value and are bought together at the same time would be considered a single acquirable asset and could be purchased under one LRBA arrangement.

Different LRBAs are required for shares from different companies or for shares bought at different times.

Shares issued under a dividend reinvestment plan for the parcel of shares acquired under one LRBA cannot be retained in the arrangement. They cannot be added to the parcel, as that is not considered a replacement asset. The shares would have to be transferred out of the LRBA arrangement, akin to a dividend payment.

An LRBA can also be used to invest in exchange-traded options over shares, however if the option were to be exercised (that is, converted to shares) or sold, it would change the nature of the asset. Therefore, the LRBA over the exchange-traded options needs to be ended before the exercise date of the option.

When is refinancing allowed?

The ATO says refinancing an LRBA is allowed where the new borrowing is solely to extinguish the previous loan. A new LRBA structure is required to be entered into, with the same requirements for the LRBA to be over a single acquirable asset.

A scenario where this would not be the case would be if the refinanced LRBA were for a higher amount and the additional funds were used to purchase an additional income-producing asset.

Also, the SMSF trustees need to make sure the legal ownership of the asset is not temporarily acquired by the SMSF trustee when changing to the new arrangement.

Common questions about SMSF borrowing